Communicative Language Teaching Essay

Open Language Teaching The point of this unit †¢ To make you consider open way to deal with showing dialects †¢ To investigate the idea of informative capability †¢ To think about the open educating procedures What do you need to do in this unit? †¢ Warming up conversations †¢ Input perusing †¢ Self-appraisal questions (SAQS) †¢ Exploratory assignments †¢ Integrated assignment Heating up conversation 0 Warm up the idea of a â€Å"communicative situation† (circumstance, in which it is important to impart orally as well as through writing so as to accomplish a specific objective). Produce a â€Å"mind map† of the idea posting most average open circumstances in your own genuine world Informative circumstances Information understanding 1 The path towards informative educating Heating up conversation 1.1 Rate arranged by significance the things that the understudies need so as to ace the language openly (beyond what one thing can get one position) |Items |Rating | |Vocabulary | |Grammar | |Pronunciation | |Knowledge of common circumstances | |Target culture | | |Skills in talking | |Skills recorded as a hard copy | |Skills in perusing | |Skills in listening | |Non-verbal methods for correspondence (motions and so forth) | |Knowledge of how to manage individuals | |Experience of settling on choices in open circumstances | |Experience in assuming a job | |Experience in critical thinking | |Experience in playing informative games | Pre-specialized strategies The path towards informative educating has been a long and questionable one with advances and set backs. The focal point of consideration was bit by bit moving from the language as a deliberate code to the language as a methods for correspondence with the quest for a compelling strategy for guidance and thought of the learner’s character. (The overview of training techniques in this module depends on Richards, J., and Th. Rogers.1995. Approaches and Methods in language Teaching. CUP). Punctuation interpretation (H.Olendorf) or Prussian strategy included nitty gritty examination of punctuation rules, making an interpretation of sentences and messages into and out of the objective language, retaining rules and controlling morphology and linguistic structure, perusing and composing. Direct strategy (M.Berlitz) energized the utilization of unknown dialect in the study hall. Study hall educating was led in the objective language as it were. Learning process was for the most part dependent on impersonation and retention. Oral methodology or situational language instructing (Palmer, H. 1940. The Teaching of Oral English. Longman) depended on determination and association of the â€Å"situations†. â€Å"Situations† were sorted out with the utilization of solid things and pictures. They were utilized to present the new language structures. Sound lingual technique (Fries, Ch. 1945. Educating and Learning English as a Foreign Language. College of Michigan Press) applied the standards of basic phonetics to language instructing. Example practice turned into an essential study hall method. Sound lingual strategy was the mix of basic etymological hypothesis and essentials of behaviorism (boost, reaction, support). The Natural Approach (Krashen, S.1981. Second language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. OUP) put accentuation on the presentation to language (conceivable information) as opposed to formal activities. The accompanying speculations were placed into the establishment of the Natural Approach: the obtaining/learning theory (just regular like procurement can bring about acing the language while â€Å"learning† helps getting the information about the language), the screen theory (express information has just one capacity, that of checking rightness of the articulation), the characteristic request speculation (the securing of sentence structure structures continues in an anticipated request), the info speculation (the connection between the information and language procurement shows that students need fathomable info), the full of feeling channel speculation (students with high inspiration, self-assurance, low nervousness by and large improve in language obtaining). SAQ 1.1 Match the accompanying â€Å"methods† of guidance with their basic â€Å"features† |Method |Features | |Grammar-interpretation strategy |Imitation | |Direct technique |Memorizing rules | |Oral approach |Motivating students | |Audio-lingual technique |Use of circumstances | |Natural approach |Memorizing designs | Humanistic methodology Heating up conversation 1.1 Remark on the accompanying disclosure of an educator: |†¦if an understudy truly buckles down, but there is a threat of this understudy bombing a test, in spite of the fact that the person has read | |intensively for it, at that point I cheat. I take a pen that has a similar shading ink as the understudy used to compose the test and I correct| |some of the mix-ups with the goal that the understudy doesn't notice and I can give a positive imprint. And afterward I line this up with a great deal | |of evaluation and backing †¦ | (Puchta, H. 1999. Students: conviction, character and achievement. IATEFL 1999. Edinburgh Conference Selections. P. 71-72) Humanistic methodology developed as a response to the behaviorist way to deal with educating with the inflexible teacher’s authority over the students conduct. The worry of humanistic propensities was to improve people’s self-realization and their job in coordinating their own lives (Kelly, Maslow, Rogers refered to in Roth. I. 1994. Prologue to Psychology. Volume 1. The Open University. P. 419). Humanistic way to deal with language showing accentuated the estimation of growing entire learner’s character, socialization of a person in a gathering, imaginative exercises with music, expressions and so on. It was additionally evolved in network language educating. The strategy depended on advising methods (Curran, C. 1976. Guiding Learning: A Whole Person Model for Education. N.Y.) In lay terms, advising is offering backing to someone else. This strategy was depicted as humanistic with self-completion and made sure about confidence of the students. The needs of the technique were to create learners’ connections in the gathering, to ensure in students the sentiment of security and having a place with the gathering just as attesting one’s individual character. â€Å"Learner autonomy† turned into another and much talked about idea. Full of feeling learning and student tension were paid attention to as a significant factor of viability. Rather than the predictable information (the result of behaviorism) educators attempted to create in students heuristic information (After Fox, J. 1992. New Perspectives in Modern Language Learning. College of East Anglia. P. 87). Unique consideration was given to the issue of â€Å"debilitating anxiety†, which dissimilar to â€Å"facilitating anxiety† could thwart and even square the procedure of language securing. Because of the weakening uneasiness in the exercise the students as a rule build up a â€Å"defense mechanism† against it. Some of them pull back from crafted by the class, make a round of an errand, squirm and let their consideration meander or dive into the universe of imagination. They can challenge the educator with the unsatisfactory conduct or uninvolved hostility as â€Å"silent protest†. A few students blame others for their own learning issues. As articulation of dissent the students join subgroups of other disappointment students (See: Madeline, E. 1996. Seeing Second Language Learning Difficulties. Sage Publications). A significant issue, which is handled by the humanistic way to deal with educating is the dismissal of the students by their educators. The dismissal of this sort can be covered up and show itself by implication. These instructors lean toward not to take a gander at the students, which they detest (look of evasion). The entire teacher’s body development is toward the path inverse to the students they disdain. The instructors keep a more extended physical separation with these students and give them less verbal contacts and addresses. These students are denied teacher’s strong mediation and itemized criticism that different students ordinarily appreciate. They are given a decreased teacher’s holding up time. Humanistic methodology pushed â€Å"non-conflict†, â€Å"non-judgement† and â€Å"empathy† in the relations of the instructor and students. The significance of the humanistic approach lies in the adequacy of language learning as well as in the improvement of the character. Humanistic methodology encourages self-completion of students. Self-realized individuals have a more advantageous mind and are progressively equipped for an imaginative non-generalized conduct. This causes them to recognize effectively with the gathering. They show a progressively exact view of the truth and acknowledge it without pointless clashes. They center more around the intellectual issues and less on themselves. These students have the limit with respect to top encounters (through adoration, music, craftsmanship, nature and so forth.) and a more prominent fitness for compassion with others. They can see things other than clearly. Exploratory errand 1.1 Study the accompanying depictions of the students and ponder the potential reasons that clarify their learning challenges. Propose proposals to improve the educating circumstance. What individual highlights of the students must be regarded by the educator? |Descriptions |Reflections |Recommended | |Frank is timid, pulled back and insensitive. When called upon for| | |an answer in class, he wavers a great deal and here and there | |does not react by any stretch of the imagination. When pushed, his answers are | |usually off base. Anyway he does well with composed | |homework. | |Mark is a magnificent understudy. Exceptionally dynamic and | |enthusiastic in class. He never has sufficient opportunity to | |complete the errand in class and seldom completes the test | |on time | |Mary is heedless and never follows clarifications in | |class. She doesn't appear to comprehend the gra

Love An Inexpressible and Indescribable Feeling Free Essays

Love is an unbelievable and inconceivable inclination. It can influence an individual to the point of carelessness. When a spirit has understood its partner in another, the impacts can make one acquiescence themselves totally. We will compose a custom article test on Love: An Inexpressible and Indescribable Feeling or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Judgment gets obfuscated and judiciousness does not exist anymore. At long last, all that remaining parts is unadulterated, indefinable feeling. This feeling is the thing that fills the individual. Love is the reason nearly everyone on Earth anticipates tomorrow. The individuals who need it will attempt to search for it. The individuals who have it, will work themselves deep down Just for the ones they love. It is the most ideal inclination Christopher Final Essay Love is an unspeakable and incredible inclination. It can influence an individual to the point of carelessness. When a spirit has perceived its partner in another, the impacts can make one acquiescence themselves totally. Judgment gets obfuscated and discernment does not exist anymore. At long last, all that remaining parts is unadulterated, indefinable feeling. This indefinable feeling is the thing that fills the individual. Love is the motivation behind why nearly everyone on Earth anticipates tomorrow. The individuals who don't have it, attempts to search for it. The individuals who have it, will work themselves deep down Just for the ones they love. It is the most ideal inclination one would ever feel. While love appears to be a wonderful thing, it additionally is imperfect. The most notable negative thing that joins love is Jealousy. Envy is an uncommon type of emotive Kim k apathetic uneasiness, which happens because of the absence of a suspicion that all is well and good according to the person who is cherished. The Jealousy coordinated to an outsider, I. E. , the contender who is seen as the opponent for the warmth of the individual who is adored. Envy is n feeling having parts of both displeasure and dread generally found in kids. It starts from the absence of a suspicion that all is well and good for the expressions of love of one who is cherished and progressively took care of. The play, A Midnight Summer’s Dream is around a few couples in affection and the issues that cause connections to disintegrate like dominoes, consistently. Shakespeare is for the most part concentrating on the insane things that individuals do when they are enamored. Individuals will in general break the shackles of regularity and presence of mind and get things done for their own franticness. In the play, A Midnight Summer’s Dream, Shakespeare utilizes the moving of the peoples’ characters to underscore what love could do to individuals. As an individual falls further enamored, the person gets incognizant in regards to things that occur around them and could think less about whatever else aside from their own relationships. Shakespeare depicts this in A Midsummer Night’s Dream when Helena blames Demerits for slaughtering Lessened and inquires as to whether he has executed Lessened. The move as a part of her character uncovers the obstruction of adoration since she begins accusing others unfoundedly. Shakespeare utilizes this to show how individuals respond to issues cap include love and how stupid their activities are. Another serious issue brought about by adoration is competition and how effectively kinship can be disintegrated with regards to the issue of affection. At the point when Hermit enters the scene while Demerits and Lessened are with Helena, Hermit aimlessly enters and is addressed by Helena since Demerits and Lessened both initially loved Hermit. Along these lines, she thinks it is a stunt and they are the point at which her dear companion is included. Hence, Helena begins the contention which makes her companionship with Hermit disintegrate. Shakespeare is plainly demonstrating the message of owe the normal idea of individuals makes them settle on impulsive choices and change characters due to adore. Individuals in adoration will see the world in an alternate point of view, they become so fixated on their affection to the degree that their reality spins around the individual they love. This sort of affection can raise a ruckus, particularly when profound and extraordinary. This is seen pretty much consistently, all things considered. For instance, grief stricken lady friends tossing pots down the window and locking their beaus out is the principal picture that strikes a chord when considering Jealousy. Step by step instructions to refer to Love: An Inexpressible and Indescribable Feeling, Papers

Summer Jobs for Students

Summer Jobs for Students Summer Jobs for College Students Home›Education Posts›Summer Jobs for College Students Education PostsSummer is coming. Some students will travel or go home while others will remain on campus. Summer is a good time not only for travelling and rest but also it is a good period to earn extra money. Summer job is a great way to get more experience.Don’t waste your time on sleeping, watching TV or playing PlayStation. Find a summer job as it will bring you more positive emotions and better results. If you decide to get a summer job, start doing it right now. There are a lot of different jobs that you may choose from. That is why qualitycustomessays.com offers you a list of some interesting summer jobs to consider:• Babysitter. It is really good job as you may practice your skills in taking care of children. Moreover, such job is very easy to find as there are always many families with small children in the neighborhood. As parents often want the best babysitter, this job will be among the best-paid ones.• Bartender. Many students find this job as cool and interesting. It is a good idea to be a bartender, but it requires some professional skills and the endurance to work all night long. Not all students are able to become bartenders.• Freelance writer. The job of freelance writer is really good for students. Working as a writer, you will acquire more professional writing skills which will help you in the next academic year. Also this job is well-paid. It is a good opportunity to get more professionalism and earn extra money.• Fitness trainer. Today, there are many vacancies for fitness trainers. It is a healthy and interesting job which will help you look fit.Summer jobs are really necessary for students as they learn how to earn money starting from college years and this will bring good results in future.

The Freedom Of The United States Essay - 854 Words

Freedom House was established in 1941 in the United States and focused first on the threat to freedom represented by Nazism. After the war, in its own words, it â€Å"took up the struggle against the other great twentieth century totalitarian threat, Communism† and defined its mission as working for the spread of democracy and human rights in the world. Indeed, one of the instruments developed by Freedom House in order to spread its mission is the’s press freedom index, which has not changed practically at all since its creation in 1980. Due to this methodological continuity for over three decades, this index is amply used and quoted within and outside academia (Becker et al., 2007; Holtz-Bacha, 2004; Behmer, 2011). During the analyzed period 2010-2014, the questionnaire suffered minor, but significant changes: as of 2011, the word â€Å"bloggers† was introduced in some of the questions, together with professional journalists. The instructions for answering another question indicate that the respondent should â€Å"consider written, audio visual and internet media†. Freedom House included the latter in the measurement as a response to criticism of its exclusive focus on traditional media and disregard of digital media (Burgess, 2010). Freedom House uses a scale of 0 (best score) to 100 (worst score) based on 23 questions and 109 indicators divided in three categories: legal environment (a country may obtain up to 30 points), political environment (maximum of 40 points) and economicShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom And Freedom Of The United States1499 Words   |  6 PagesKnowing the Meaning of Freedom Freedom and liberties are the most popular and significant topic in the United States. However, what’s the freedom and who can enjoy the freedom became the controversial arguments in America during its post-civil war period. Since people with different gender, different race, and even different customs may have their own opinions and prospects of the rights they should have, white Americans, African Americans, immigrants and even women were trying to define and striveRead MoreThe Freedom And Freedom Of The United States1415 Words   |  6 Pages The Meaning of Freedom Freedom and liberties are the most popular and significant topic in the United States. However, what’s the freedom and who can enjoy the freedom became the controversial arguments in America during its post-civil war period. Since people with different gender, different race and even different customs may have their own opinions and prospects of the rights they should have, white Americans, Africa Americans, immigrants and even women were trying to define and strive for theirRead MoreThe Freedom Of The United States1501 Words   |  7 PagesWhen United States was founded, it was signified as the most progressive and political movement in Western Civilization, which has continued to change and form from all the racial, ethnic, and religious diversities within society. Through the freedom that was first generated from the separation of the church and state to the manifestation of the Constitution on December 15, 1791, it has changed the course of history forever. The expression of the people’s legal rights was the First Amendment to theRead MoreThe Freedom Of The United States759 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat country should be incredibly thankful for the freedoms and opportunities we have been afforded because many individuals that we have had the privilege of knowing and many individuals that we haven’t had the honor of knowing have all sacrificed their lives to protect our freedoms. Due in part to this great sacrifice, America can and is considered to be a country with a great sense of equality, opportunity, and freedom. The United States of America as stated before is a country were individualsRead MoreThe Freedom Of The United States Essay2413 Words   |  10 Pagesthe United States among the other freedoms that were automatically granted to whites when they were born. Freedom is defined as, â€Å"The power or right to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint.† The 13th Amendment technically freed the s laves, but for a slave in 1864, African American’s vision of freedom was limited because they had been seen as property for such a long time. Slaves didn t know what was out there and there were many whites against this new freedom theyRead MoreThe Freedom And Freedom Of The United States Of America1603 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans, in this rightfully proud nation of The United States of America, have freedom and liberty set amongst the highest of our ideals. Generations were born and raised in this country. They were taught to always respect and cherish the rights and liberties given to us, the people, that were earned and are still being bravely defended to this day. Our rights were earned and are defended by our courageous, gun wielding soldiers. Currently, in this turbulent time of politics in our nation,Read MoreThe Freedom Of The United States901 Words   |  4 PagesAs we all know, freedom is a very meaningful word, and it has a variety expressions and definit ions. I can define the word freedom as liberty, independence, acting spontaneously, expressing yourself with no fears, being positive and making your own choices. All people in the entire world like to be free with no barrier or any kind of obstacles, emotionally and physically. Human beings deserve to be free and live their life with no struggles. The most moment I felt entirely free is when I went backRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : The United States1654 Words   |  7 PagesHonors English Period 7 14 March 2016 Freedom of Speech We the People of the United States, in order to form a perfect union and establish justice, created a Constitution for the good of all in the year of 1789. Two-hundred years later these composition of laws are still relevant to our lives. In these, the First Amendment, which was established into the constitution for the purpose of being conformed and to grant the citizens a guarantee of their basic freedom of speech; however, it appears thatRead MoreThe Freedom Of Speech By The United States Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many phrases and use of words that can be considered controversial in the past as well in todays society. The first amendment states that â€Å"congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† (Volokh, 2016.). Throughout hist ory, congress has kept up their end of the dealRead MoreReligious Freedom Of The United States1113 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States, religious freedom is a unique right that not all countries allow. The founding fathers instilled this idea although they predominately followed the Christian faith. Several documents and common American morals have Christian roots; some of which include the establishment of God given rights and basic human decency. The words â€Å"In God We Trust† on our currency and â€Å"One Nation Under God† in our pledge represent the guiding principles that the United States was established on. Although

Identity Theft Is A Method Of Cybercrime - 1220 Words

Dana Rico ENG 102 Composition 2 Arguing Definition 9 February 2015 Identity Theft Today, in the twenty-first century, there have been so many new inventions with technology, changes in politics, fashion, social behaviors, and others. It takes a lot of common sense and education to know how this technological, intelligent world works now days. There are so many words and phrases for someone to know in order to understand how today’s generations work. Two important terms that I think someone would need to know the meaning of and how to avoid it in order to be savvy in the twenty-first century is identity theft. Every individual in this world has an identity that makes him or her special from others. Identity theft is a method of cybercrime that deals with stealing personal information. There are a few different definitions that define identity theft in the same way, but use various terms. One variant definition of identity theft is the fraudulent appropriation and use of someone’s identifying or personal data or documents, as a credit ca rd (â€Å"Identity Theft†). Another variant definition of identity theft is identity â€Å"theft† is a fraud or unlawful activity where the identity of an existing person is used as a target or principal tool without that person’s consent (Kirk). The origin of identity theft is completely different now than it was in nineteen sixty-four, when the first print of identity theft came about (â€Å"A Brief History†). Back then, they did not have creditShow MoreRelatedScams Associated With Cybercrime1624 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cybercrime has experienced significant progress during recent years, as its advance is directly proportional with the advance of technology. In spite of the fact that the authorities devise new and better strategies to fight cybercrime, the fact that the number of people online is constantly increasing means that cybercrimes occur even more frequently. Dishonest people who seek opportunities have discovered how the internet stands as a perfect environment for them to commit crimes byRead MoreIs Identity Theft Or Having Credit Card Or Banking Information Stolen?1352 Words   |  6 Pagesonline, and we utilize the internet to track and manage these types of accounts. While there may be no way to revert to the days of paper accounting, the idea of identity theft or having credit card or banking information stolen has many people fearful of having their information on the internet. While there may be no guaranteed method of ensuring your information is completely protected, there are wa ys to make yourself much less vulnerable to these attacks. By educating oneself on the risks andRead MorePrivacy issues of Social Networking Sites1156 Words   |  5 Pagesof Cybercrime. For instance, Boyd and Ellison (2008) proposed the following, summarised by Debatin, Lovejoy, Horn and Hughes (2009): â€Å"Specific privacy concerns of online social networking include inadvertent disclosure of personal information, damaged reputation due to rumours and gossip, unwanted contact and harassment or stalking, surveillance-like structures due to backtracking functions, use of personal data by third-parties, and hacking and identity theft.† (p. 83-84) At first, identity theftRead MoreIs Cybercrime A Type Of Crime That Is Committed Over The Internet?1206 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals to stay in touch, find information, and even make a living through online businesses. When there are positive points, there are bound to be some negative ones, and that is Cybercrime. Cybercrime is a type of crime that is committed over the Internet using computers and networks; also known as Hacking. Cybercrimes are a major issue individual face in today s society; this is because the number of people using the Internet has grown rapidly over the last decade. Technology is available toRead MoreCybercrime And Cybersecurity : Cybercrime1324 Words   |  6 PagesT’Mars McCallum CSCI 101 2 April 2017 Cybercrime and Cybersecurity In today’s day and age cybercrime and cybersecurity are serious subjects. Now, back in the day say our parents or grandparents time those weren’t even real topics or non-existent. Cybercrime (hacking) and cybersecurity are still both fairly new and with newness comes problems. Such as, not fully understanding and knowing the ins and outs. Merriam-Webster states that cybercrime is, â€Å"crime (as theft, fraud, intellectual property violationsRead MoreCybercrime: Hacking1184 Words   |  5 Pages Cybercrime With everything in society advancing rapidly, it should be of no surprise that technology is now used to commit crimes against other people. Those crimes include identity theft, stealing money, illegal gambling, and cyberstalking. This paper will review cybercrime and the differences there are from traditional crime and it will review the purpose of hackers. There will also be three cases reviewed to help bring light to what kind of cybercrimes are being committedRead MoreComputer Technology And The Field Of Criminal Justice Professionals Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesall influence how successful the police are in doing their job as crime fighters, all of which affect the level of legitimacy that the police receive from the public and relevant bodies of governments† ( Deflem, 2002). Investigating cybercrimes such as identity theft and scamming of older adults is a topic of interest to me. This topic is important to me due to the fact that my mother was scammed for over a year. Scamming among the senior population is at all time high and individuals prey on theRead MoreIntroduction When a society acquire a technology, the society measures then weighs the benefits it800 Words   |  4 Pagesthe benefits it could gain from the technology with the cost from possible misuse of the technology. As such, as useful as internet is, it could bring much harm when used for exploitation. In that regard, the problems of internet exploitation or cybercrime are causing significant damage especially in the international world. Within a nation, the government as an executive branch enforces the laws created by the judicial branch. However in the global society where there is no government or a recognizedRead MoreCybercrime And Its Effects On Society1239 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract-This research explores the different forms of cybercrime and its effects on society when compared to several years ago. Moreover, it focuses on the changes that have been made to fight the rise of cybercrimes. With the advances in technology allowing society to stay interconnected online, criminals , both who is not an expert and experienced, have taken advantage of growing opportunities. By taking into consideration the dangers on this issue, it is important to take action and provide solutionsRead MoreHow Technology Is Constantly Evolving And We Are Too With It953 Words   |  4 Pagesto personal and global infrastructure. Storing our identity, personal information, wealth and for some our whole lives. Which makes it dangerous as well if abused. Cyberspace is a new frontier and we still don’t completely understand it. So how do we prosecute those who do harm to one another by means of cyberspace and cybercrime? Generally cybercrime branches of in to three major groups. Against a person, property or the government. A cybercrime against a person includes harassment and stalking

Developmental Process in City Life Free Essays

string(154) " decided to apply our findings to the character to see how the storyline for this particular character would go and how we could work with the situation\." The stimulus we were provided with was that of ‘city life’. At the beginning of the process we did not have a set group however Conor, Ellen, Sinead and I decided to stay in the group we were in as we all felt that we were able to work together well. To explore the different aspects of city life, we all came up with various ideas which incorporated this stimulus provided for us. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental Process in City Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ideas which each of us came up with were a fantasy situation, school life, the London underground, London Snow days of 2009 and everybody’s late. The first idea we tried was the ‘London underground’. We found that this was a theme which worked practically however we did not know how to expand on the idea so therefore decided to leave the idea and explore another. The second idea we tried out was the fantasy idea as we thought that due to the fact we had to include non-naturalistic aspects to our production, that this would be the easiest of the ideas to try this out with. To start with we listed various fairy tales, books, movies and television programmes and their links with different city life aspects at the time of their development. We settled on an ‘Alice in Wonderland’ theme after I told the group about a situation one of my cousins in which he was walking down the road once and didn’t see an open manhole in front of him and ended up falling down it and breaking his leg. We decided to try this situation out along with the ‘Alice in wonderland’ theme in which a person falls down a manhole into another world and they’d go through a similar situation as Alice in which they encountered various representations of people or objects in their current life. The idea we came up with we all felt that the storyline would’ve worked and could’ve made an effective piece. However when it came to trying to piece it together we found that it was difficult to do so with the lack of people in our group and the limitations of theatre which we were faced with. In the end we found this idea may have been good for a short film but in the world of A Level theatre wouldn’t be possible to make. The next idea we tried was ‘London Snow days of 2009’. Rather than focusing about people in the snow we focused on how the snow affected their everyday activities and the help or problems it caused for them. The first idea we tried for this one was based upon a hierarchy system, the type of people and where they would fallen within this system. The characters we came up with were; a person head of an office firm, a soldier returning from the war in the east, a wife of the solider and then a prostitute. Each one of us spoke about which characterisation would be a form of change for each actor and then saw which each of us could do with these characters set to us. Each of us were uncomfortable with the characters at first and to over come this we done a circle of focus in order to get us relaxed and able to settle into the characters. We found that this idea was the most effective and one which we would be able to build upon so therefore settled on this idea. For our research we focused on locating various newspaper articles of people who were trapped by the snow in different parts of the country. One particular article we located was one of a business man who had been trapped in his office building for three days before anyone was able to help dig him out of the snow up in Scotland where the snow at the time was a lot worse than that of the snow fall in London. We decided to apply this situation to the office firm worker and then acted this scene out to see how it would work within our production. We found that the situation of the worker being trapped within the complex did not work however we came up with another idea of everyone being in the same setting and the snow fall around them being really heavy and therefore the characters would be trapped together in the same room. We also did some research into the soldiers who were returning from Iraq, Afghanistan and the impact which the wars within each location had on them. To get an idea of what the soldiers would’ve gone through we looked at a charity called ‘Help for Heroes’ which contained various information about the after effects of war for the soldiers whether it be that of physical injuries or mental change upon them. This research for Conor, who wanted to play the character, helped him a lot when it came to characterisation along with learning how much of a life change the war could be for various soldiers and their families. The next part of research we done was based around prostitution and the situations which derive from the profession. To gain an understanding of prostitution we looked at the different types there were in the country. We found the most common forms of prostitution within the United Kingdom were street prostitutes (related to the working classes) and escorts (related to the middle- upper classes). The form we focused on for the character was the street prostitution which, although this form is illegal within the United Kingdom, it is the form which the majority of STI and STD cases within the profession seem to circulate within. We found out from our research that HIV/AIDS can be said to be found within the street prostitution community within various women due to a few women within this profession not using protection whilst having sex with their clients. We decided to apply our findings to the character to see how the storyline for this particular character would go and how we could work with the situation. You read "Developmental Process in City Life" in category "Papers" Before we placed the play together we thought about the different genres we could use either through out the play or whether a single genre for each scene would work. After testing out and placing the scenes together, we found that having a different genre for each scene worked. We had one scene based around a comedic situation, then the other three drama based and I think due to the fact they could be said to be detached from one another made this run work more effectively at the time. However, although the scenes fitted into together well, we found that the play was not easy to work with especially when it came to the winter when various people ended up contracting various illnesses. Due to the slow pacing and lack of progress due to everyone not really being happy with the production, we decided to change the production entirely to a format we were all happy with. We went back to our notes and looked at the various ideas which we had made at the time and decided to go back to the London Underground situation and then incorporated this with the idea of the 7/7 London bombings. To begin our production, Ellen and I looked into various news articles about the London Bombings and the enquiries of the London Bombings that are currently happening within the news. We found accounts of various people’s survivor stories mainly from the bombing at King’s Cross underground. The majority of accounts we found tended to be from those who were not in the carriage. However I found a piece by journalist Peter Zimonjic who was in the London bombings. In this article he wrote about what he saw, felt and heard in every detail and using this article we tried to see what we could explore using his descriptions. One particular part of his article that stood out to us was that of a man he encountered who was lying on the floor that seemed to be hurt from the waist down and he turned out to be paralysed from the waist down after the bomb. This person we thought would be a character we could use for someone within the production piece as an effective character. After discussing the possible outcomes we found that compared to the other proposed storylines we decided that Conor’s storyline would have been the most effective out of them all and therefore settled on this character for Conor, which was due to be about a man called Rick White who was an athlete runner going off to meet his girlfriend for an anniversary dinner however he ended up having to do extra training due to being forced by his coach at the last minute. In having the account at hand to use and also the description of the moments made by the man, Conor was able to apply this to his character and he also done research into a gentleman who was an athlete who although he was not involved within the London bombing, his muscles seized up on him and therefore leaving him paralysed and unable to compete in any other sports from that moment onwards. This helped him in connecting the emotional aspect of being unable to provide a family and also his career being ruined, this he was able to apply to his monologue and was able to effectively connect to the audience. Another character we found through the articles was a female person who later became known at the 7/7 blogger on a website called blogspot. Her description of the bomb and the impact which it had upon her relationship with her fianci afterwards was a moment in which we also incorporated. There is a key moment in which she describes her desperation to be back with him and also the last moments she had with him. We explored this and the possible ways in which we could use this part of her article. We applied this situation to my character. Personally I found that this was extremely helpful in building my character as I was able to connect emotionally and effectively show this portrayal in my performance. The performance space which we were provided with to begin with was small and cramped which made it hard to get an idea of how to position everyone within the production and the distances between each person when piecing a scene together. We also had to share this space with two other groups which arose more difficulties with get the timing of various scenes and transitions timed with one another. This also made it difficult for us to vocally develop as we were in a small space in which we did not need to project our voice however when we came to being in the drama studio again, we could see the impact upon which being in a small environment compared to the large drama studio had upon our performances. When we began our production our pacing and attendance levels were really high especially when compared to the other groups however when it came to December time, various people within our group started contracting illnesses which were spreading throughout the college and Sinead in our group who has sickle cell disease ended up having more attacks than she due to the winter weather triggering the attacks. Whilst we had various people off ill during the time of October-December we found it was difficult trying to run different scenes with the absence of different people as they had a key part within the scene whether it was for transition reasons or being an object within a scene. For example in a scene we called ‘The Melissa Harvey’ scene the absence of either Sinead or Ellen acting as a phone within the scene affected the non-naturalism within the scene greatly as whilst one person was saying ‘Ms Harvey calling’ the other person was saying ‘calling reception’, just encase we had absences on the day of the performance we decided to change our play and format to a way where we could still run it with the absence of people. Although we had just over a month, we worked quickly and used extra time after college hours to get the scenes placed together and the transitions to run smoothly. Overall with changing the storyline and the format of our production we were more comfortable with our London bombing storyline. For our production we kept to a simple layout of five chairs on stage and a wheelchair in order to give more focus on the performances and we also found it an easier layout to handle with just the four of us within the group. We also decided upon each person wearing black top along with either jeans or leggings of a dark colour which also added to a simplistic theme on stage. The influence behind our staging could be said to have derived from our exploration of Steven Berkoff’s Metamorphosis in which we used very limited staging props and also tried to focus on our facial and body expressions, such as the moment we were doing scene 10 especially in the tube scene when we were doing the ‘something’s not right’ segment in which we also incorporated influences from Frantic Assembly who are a theatre company that combine the essence of movement, design, music and text together within a production. This segment of the scene had a musical essence in which we made our text, ‘something’s not right’, sound as if it were the train tracks of the tube. We all agreed that we wanted to aim our play at an audience who knew about the 7/7 bombings when it happened and also those who were affected y it. So this caused our audience to an age group of 14 years old and over, as from our research of those who were affected at the times of the bombing whether they were involved within it or who’s parents would’ve been caught in the bombing attacks appeared to be around the age of 10-12 years old and are able to emotionally attach to the situation whereas those who were younger don’t seem to have a clear memory of the bombing. For our production we knew we wanted to use a soundtrack, lighting and forms of special effects which could relate back to our production. In order to get an idea of what forms of sounds we wanted to incorporate together we all looked at various films and productions we were able to look at through the use of youtube. One film in particular we found helped with giving us an idea of the types of sounds we could use was the 9/11 film. We listened to the forms of sounds which they bound together especially at the moment of impact between the buildings and the plans. Conor and I decided to work on the sounds together as well as the music tracks whilst Ellen and Sinead worked on the lighting effects and also the cues for either the lighting or the sounds along with working out the seconds between each scene and special effect. Conor and I used a library of sounds which Conor had already from his media studies work, we settled upon placing a bombing noise, shattering glass and also a screeching of train tracks together and we felt that this along with our performances helped to create the tube atmosphere at the time of the crash. We gave both Sinead and Ellen the sounds to listen to so we could get their feedback upon the combinations. We also found a song called ‘London Bombs’ by Eskimo Joe which we felt went the emotion of our production. For the lighting it was decided to keep it simple and high key for the majority of the performances until certain moments mainly so the audience could still see the performances along with past practicals when we’ve witnessed how difficult it is for the performers to effectively perform within darker lighting. How to cite Developmental Process in City Life, Essays

Financial Reports Declared By The Firm DIPLâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Reports Declared By The Firm DIPL? Answer: Introducation In essence, there are specific results of judgements for both preparation as well as presented of firms audit (Duncan and Whittington 2014). However, process of audit can be affected by the precise line of approach of the analytical approach adopted for deciphering specific information from the financial reports declared by the firm DIPL. For instance, analysis of key financial ratio computed from the financial statement of DIPL can help in understanding the financial condition of the firm: Detailed evaluation of financial state of affairs of the firm DIPL can be carried out by using key financial ratio such as profitability ratio, solvency ratio along with liquidity ratio (Baylis et al. 2017). Results of the financial ratio is hereby enumerated based on the financial assertions declared by the firm DIPL. Profit margin ratio reflecting the profitability condition of the firm is enumerated to be 0.068 during the FY 2013, 0.60 recorded in 2014 and 0.06 in 2015. This shows that the profitability condition of the firm improved during the period 2014, but further declined during the period 2015. Again, the solvency ratio is enumerated to be 0.62 in 2013, 0.44 in 2014 and 0..21 in 2015. Essentially, this replicates the fact that the .solvency condition of the firm dropped during both 2014 and further in 2015. Again, the current ration of DIPL is calculated to be 1.42 in 2013, 1.46 in 2015 and 1.50 in 2015. This shows that the liquidity condition reflected by the current ratio has improved over the said period of time. Thus, examination of significant financial ratio aids auditors in comprehending diverse expends of the firm are properly well-designed and operational. In addition to this, ratio analysis of the financial statements of DIPL also helps in understanding whether entire costs that the company incurs are unusually high. Furthermore, financial ratio also assists in understanding both the belongings along with resources of the corporation together with the way DIPL can undertake different necessary acts to restrain any sort of adverse incidence (Homb et al. 2014). Inherent Risk Evaluation of business case on DIPL reflects different errors or else faults exist in financial statements owing to mistakes committed by the proficient accountants. Examination of financial statements also reveals that the company DIPL has failed to attain pre-determined figure on figure from the sales proceeds of the firm. Mainly, this occurs because of failure of the management of the firm to understand diverse necessary requirements along with different micro as well as macro facets of the business environ , lets say different aspects of political as well as social affairs along with economic facets. It can be hereby witnessed that the lower amount of sales of the firm also directs towards events of inherent risks (Loconto 2017). Besides this, employees of the firm DIPL also add to the inherent risk of the firm. Again, inadequate experience and level of expertise of the workers also add to the overall inherent risks of the firm DIPL. Nevertheless, the non-proficient employees can escalate the overall inherent risk of the firm as they are more probable to commit errors. However, this can lead to erroneousness representation of financial statements and this might be referred to as the material misstatements (Chambers and Odar 2015). In addition to this, different environmental features can increase the level of inherent risk of the firm. This primarily occurs because of swift transformation in the business environ and proper link to specific schemes, very tough level of competition in the market and shortfall of capital (Graham 2015). Inherent Risk Inherent risks also occur in the course of selection of CEO and the process of CEO succession. Therefore, there is a pressing need for following a proper strategy for selection of subsequent CEO s of the firm. Essentially, beginning a certain task without sticking to specific pre-stated strategies, beginning the entire process late, inapt linkage to the CEO and selection of the nominee of the CEO might possibly give way to events to inherent risks. Additionally, proper listing and registering of different cash proceeds by finance experts can too lead to development of inherent risks of the company. Again, detailed cataloguing of proceeds from the business from certain e-books, proper issuance of manuals or else text books also add to the inherent risk in the future period as a result of complicatedness of the overall mechanism (Pitt 2014). Diverse reasons behind the risks due to material misstatement in the financial statements are as mentioned below: unnecessary work load on employees as well as administration of DIPL Committing errors while preparation as well as presentation of financial statements can lead to flawed or material misstatements (Jones and Beattie 2015) steadiness of total administration strain on management features in conjunction with character of functionalities of DIPL Critical analysis of the particular business case on DIPL can lead to incidence of different types of risk. Risks might crop up owing to engagement of different discontented workers in different deceitful actions. Examination of functionalities of the firm reveals the fact that there exists enormous pressure on employees of the firm, administration of DIPL to acquire a new guideline for system of accounting. Nevertheless, this also put forth enormous strain on employees to presume the assignment of suitable and advanced IT induced system of accounting (Duncan and Whittington 2014). This might conceivably occur due to different deceitful actions. As a result, workforces might get engaged in different duplicitous actions. Thereafter, workers might also get influenced and manage the entire process of clearing in an accurate manner and therefore take on misstatement i n financial statements of DIPL. However, critical analysis of the business operation of the firm DIPL clearly replicates the fact that unsuitable way of managing the entire task of implementing or applying the innovative solution for improvement of accounting system can lead to inherent risk. this essentially leads to assumption of precise business dealings and inappropriate way of dealing with the financial transactions of the firm lead to erroneous representation and material misstatement in financial assertions (Baylis et al. 2017). There are diverse risks that might crop up owing to different fraudulent actions that take place in course of both preparation as well as presentation of pecuniary declaration of DIPL. Again, huge anticipations of sponsors outside that of the organization also lead to risk of material misstatements. For example, the financial statements present financial evidences and the company intends to present evidence that shows realisation of pre-determined performance objectives in the financial statements. This in turn can help the management of the company to draw more number of sponsors (Loconto 2017). Thus, this compels the management of the firm to overstate their revenue and understate their expends. This can help the management of the corporation to acquire higher amount of debt. Thus this raises the fraud risk of the company DIPL. Besides this, the calculated gross earnings as well as net revenue is said to have elevated. Nevertheless, the business case also reflects that DIPL has acq uired loan amounting to 7.5 million from BDO Finance. In addition to this, business case on DIPL also helps in understanding the fact a specific loan agreement has certain terms of contract that require certain level of current ratio of roughly 1.5 and debt equity ratio lesser than just about 1. Thus, it can be hereby mentioned that these facets have the need of maintaining specific financial ratio that can support the company to acquire credit (Graham 2015). Fundamentally, this can assist in different fraudulent activities and lead to reflection of financial condition References Baylis, R.M., Burnap, P., Clatworthy, M.A., Gad, M.A. and Pong, C.K., 2017. Private lenders demand for audit. Journal of Accounting and Economics. Chambers, A.D. and Odar, M., 2015. A new vision for internal audit. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(1), pp.34-55. Duncan, B. and Whittington, M., 2014, September. Compliance with standards, assurance and audit: Does this equal security?. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks (p. 77). ACM. Graham, L., 2015. Internal Control Audit and Compliance: Documentation and Testing Under the New COSO Framework. John Wiley Sons. Homb, N.M., Sheybani, S., Derby, D. and Wood, K., 2014. Audit and feedback intervention: An examination of differences in chiropractic record-keeping compliance. Journal of Chiropractic Education, 28(2), pp.123-129. Jones, G. and Beattie, C., 2015. Local government internal audit compliance. Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal, 9(3), p.59. Loconto, A.M., 2017. Models of assurance: Diversity and standardization of modes of intermediation. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 670(1), pp.112-132. Pitt, S.A., 2014. Internal audit quality: Developing a quality assurance and improvement program. John Wiley Sons.

Speech Analysis On Henry Iv Part One free essay sample

Speech Analysis On Henry Iv, Part One # 8211 ; Act 3, Scene 2 Essay, Research Paper Henry IV # 8217 ; s talk to Hal in 3.2 provides the audience with much more than an illustration of Henry # 8217 ; s relationship with his boy. It besides serves as an scrutiny of the kingship and its altering function. Henry # 8217 ; s efforts to knock Hal unwittingly draw many analogues between him ; his boy, and his predecessor, Richard II, and while he intends to uncover Hal # 8217 ; s defects, he chiefly reveals his ain. He begins by knocking Hal # 8217 ; s pick of associates, viz. the knaves who inhabit the tap house. He claims that if he had been close friends with such people, Richard would still be King of England. In fact, he blames Richard # 8217 ; s hapless picks of advisers for his ruin. By blandishing Richard for their ain terminals, alternatively of allowing him cognize the true province of personal businesss in England, they kept him unmindful to the turning dissatisfaction of the public. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis On Henry Iv Part One or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With shallow fools and roseola bavin marbless, Soon kindled and shortly burnt ; carded his province ; Mingled his royalty with cap # 8217 ; pealing saps ; Had his great name profan vitamin D with their contempts And gave his visage, against his name, To laugh at matching male childs and stand the push Of every beardless vain comparative ( 3.2.61-67 ) ; While Falstaff and his comrades may be # 8220 ; vulgar company # 8221 ; ( 3.2.41 ) , nevertheless, they are, in fact, precisely the type of company with which Henry was associated by Richard, who greatly feared Henry # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; wooing to the common people # 8221 ; ( Richard II, 1.4.24 ) . Rather than avoiding people like Falstaff, he sought them out and won their Black Marias. This disparity serves to sabotage Henry # 8217 ; s statement that Hal should divide himself from the common people every bit much as possible. The contradiction between Henry # 8217 ; s lift to the throne by public sentiment and his suggestion that Hal avoid going involved with the lower categories can be interpreted in a figure of ways. One misanthropic position might claim that Henry subconsciously fears his boy going popular plenty with the people to be able to subvert his ain male parent, but this is improbable when we consider that Hal has shown no desire to take on the duties and power of the kingship therefore far in the drama. Another possibility is that Henry is seeking to legalize his boy # 8217 ; s hereafter kingship by returning the function of the male monarch to that of an stray God. While he was forced to return to other agencies to go up to the Crown, he desires that his boy and the remainder of his line will be viewed as elevated Lords who are fit to govern England. The most likely possibility, nevertheless, given the remainder of the address, is that Henry, like Richard before him, is blind to his true state of affairs. Richard refused to admit, until it was excessively late, that it might be possible to govern without godly authorization, and while Henry, by necessity, realizes that it is possible, he ignores the true deductions of this and clings to the impression that the male monarch must be someway different from the remainder of the public. Once once more, nevertheless, his ain words deny what he is stating. Immediately after reasoning that Hal must, in order to turn out himself a male monarch, set himself apart from people such as Falstaff, the male monarch acknowledges that it was merely the sentiment of such people that prevented him from being left . . . in reputeless ostracism, A chap of no grade nor likeliness ( 3.2.44-45 ) . Had he tried to maintain himself isolated from the lower categories, he would hold been forced to fall in them, because, at bosom, he is no different from any other individual, irrespective of their societal position. As Richard finally realized at the terminal of Richard II, the male monarch, merely like a provincial, is no more, and no less, than a human being. Henry so addresses his ain personal history with a transition which closely mirrors Hal # 8217 ; s earlier address in 1.2. Yet a comparing between the two addresss reveals many differences which aid to separate Henry from Hal. Both speeches topographic point great importance on, # 8220 ; being seldom seen # 8221 ; ( 3.2.46 ) , but they do this in different ways. Henry cites this as another ground for Richard # 8217 ; s ruin, claiming that his overexposure to the populace forced them to go, # 8220 ; glutted, gorged, and full # 8221 ; ( 3.2.84 ) of him. On the contrary, Henry, by staying out of general sight, was able to remain, # 8220 ; fresh and new. . . ne # 8217 ; er seen but wond # 8217 ; red at # 8221 ; ( 3.2.55,57 ) . Henry was limited, nevertheless, by his failure to recognize the extent to which the kingship was altering. It was no longer determined by the will of God, but by the accomplishment of an histrion. Henry, nevertheless, clings to the one, recognized function of God # 8217 ; s chosen courier and refuses to accept the possibilit Y of a male monarch with many faces. Hal, on the other manus, has realized the potency to utilize many functions to increase his power. His male parent was forced to go forth the state in order to be rarely seen, but Hal is able to make different functions to conceal himself behind. Therefore, his # 8220 ; Henry V # 8221 ; self is rarely seen behind the # 8220 ; Hal # 8221 ; function he portrays in the tap house. This is simply another illustration of the altering function of the monarchy, and it is made even more expressed when we examine the differences between how Henry and Hal view themselves. The best gage for this is the standard royal metaphor of the male monarch as the Sun. This was used extensively by Richard, who claimed that the obstructions he faced were like clouds temporarily befoging his royal glorification. Both Henry and Hal bargain this image, but in different ways. Henry implies that he possesses, # 8220 ; sunlike majesty # 8221 ; ( 3.2.79 ) , but he neer specifically compares himself to the Sun. The closest comparable metaphor is that of another heavenly organic structure, a comet. This is an interesting image for many grounds. A comet serves as a type of false Sun. It is greatly admired, but non about every bit bright as the true Sun. It is besides impermanent, frequently non re-emerging for old ages at a clip. Hal, nevertheless, does compare himself extensively to the Sun, despite the fact that he has non yet become male monarch. His return to the usage of Richard # 8217 ; s metaphor is non meant to connote that he has returned to Richard # 8217 ; s beliefs about the kingship, but instead that he has formed a definite system of beliefs sing whom the male monarch truly is. Richard # 8217 ; s beliefs, every bit good as those of the male monarchs before him, were based on the thought of the Godhead right of male monarchs. Hal has based his beliefs on the thought that the kingship is a function to be played by an histrion. Henry, nevertheless, is caught in the center, as he battles to accommodate the traditions of the yesteryear with the world of his current state of affairs as a supplanter king. Of the three, he is the uneven adult male out. Richard and Hal both inherited their thrones lawfully, but Henry . . . stole all courtesy from Eden, And dressed myself in such humbleness That I did tweak commitment from work forces # 8217 ; s Black Marias, Loud cries and salutes from their oral cavities Even in the presence of the crown vitamin D King ( 3.2.50-54 ) . His actions lack the aristocracy typically associated with a male monarch. His promises to take part in the Campaigns go unrealized, and when he is faced with conflict, he hides behind others. Of the three, he is the lone male monarch to truly hide. When Richard is faced with gaining control by Henry # 8217 ; s military personnels, he boldly goes to run into them, and while Hal hides his true ego, he is simply concealing behind another version of himself. Henry concludes his talk by assailing Richard # 8217 ; s reign. For the most portion he continues to warn Hal that mixing with common common people will turn out detrimental to his kingship by claiming that Richard # 8217 ; s insisting on environing himself with unworthy people was responsible for his ruin. As earlier, his accent on Richard # 8217 ; s popularity with the peasantry rings faithlessly when the audience remembers that it was Henry who was the favourite of the lower categories, while Richard was considered a autocrat. Even as he faults Richard, nevertheless, Henry manages to continue the holiness of the monarchy. Regardless of his obvious disfavor for Richard, he refuses to wholly disrepute him. As a former King of England, he deserves some part of the regard that goes with the rubric, and as a consequence, Richard remains a # 8220 ; great name # 8221 ; ( 3.2.64 ) , and a excess of # 8220 ; honey # 8221 ; ( 3.2.71 ) . If Henry were to discredit the monarchy, he would put on the line discrediting himself and his boy, and while he does wish to discredit Richard, he must be certain to walk the all right line between where Richard ends and the monarchy begins. One of the most of import grounds we use linguistic communication is to convey the truth, and frequently this intent will be accomplished whether the talker is cognizant of it or non. Henry # 8217 ; s concern for his boy and for his land are clearly apparent in this transition, but what is most surprising about this transition is how small we learn about Hal and how much we learn about Henry himself. He has changed since the minute we foremost encountered him in Richard II as the idealistic immature Bollingbroke, but in some ways, he is precisely the same. In both dramas, including the drama named after him, he is a secondary character, or an instrument instead than the chief focal point of the drama. He serves chiefly as a counterpoint and mensurating stick by which we examine Richard and Hal, and it is merely through a close scrutiny of some of the things he says that we are genuinely able to derive an penetration into his ain character.

Communication in the Courtroom Essays

Communication in the Courtroom Essays Communication in the Courtroom Essay Communication in the Courtroom Essay This paper will discuss communication techniques largely used by the attorneys. After all, who are best actors? When does communication start? The communication process begins when potential Jurors are summoned by written communication through the united states Postal system to attend court for jury selection. Each Juror is directed to the appropriate courtroom through verbal communication by court officers. Once inside the courtroom, the court clerk verbally calls out each Jurors name to complete attendance. Jurors raise their hands to acknowledge their presence. A written questionnaire Is distributed to each Juror to omelet while simultaneously viewing a video covering the history of jury duty. Judges Introduction The Judge verbally Introduces himself. As a form of Introduction, the Judge then visually and verbally directs the Jurors attention towards the court clerk. The stenographer, the court officers, and the attorneys representing the plaintiff and defendant. After introducing key players in the courtroom, the Judge gives a brief overview of how Jury duty has been conducted throughout history. Rules and procedures of the court are verbally reviewed and presented to all Jurors by the Judge. This communication process informs the jurors what to expect and allows them to feel comfortable and at ease. Jury Selection (Over Dire) The second process off court trial proceeding is Jury selection. Jury selection is also referred to as vote dire. An attorneys goal during the vole dire process is to get to know the Jury, their experiences, and any blabs or prejudices which may Influence their responsibility as jurors to reach a verdict. The attorneys other goal during this process Is to educate Ana persuade ten Jury regarding ten Tact AT ten case. Ho goals to be accomplished, appropriate and effective communication skills between he attorney and Jurors are important. Questions presented by the attorney to the Jurors include, but are not limited to: age, marital status, employment history, hobbies, volunteer activities, religious beliefs, and education. The attorney must present these questions to the Jury with thoughtful and planned verbal communication. Blackman Brinkman, 2010) While asking these questions, words such as prejudice, bias and stereotype should be avoided. Instead, focus on more neutral words like discomfort. (Blackman Brinkman, 2010) This period of questioning, during the over dire process, is an important stage of communication between the attorney and the Jurors. Gender and race related prejudices are unacceptable to society; Jurors will not openly admit their prejudices. The prosecutor and defe nse attorney must consciously select words which will offer Jurors an opportunity to share their concerns. Carefully chosen words are demonstrated in the following expert. (Blackman Brinkman, 2010) My client is an African American man. Sometimes people have strong feelings about certain groups of people that can get in the way of rendering a fair and impartial verdict. Or, some people may feel uncomfortable about a case in which an African American man is accused of attacking a white woman. Or, there may be other aspects of this case having nothing to do with my clients race or gender that make you feel uncomfortable and that we have not already discussed. If you have any such discomfort for any reason, please raise your hand. (Blackman Brinkman, 2010) Opening Statement Each attorneys opening statement is, again, an important part of communication with the Jury. In light of initial impressions, several members of the Jury interpret all of the evidence presented and form strong opinions after the statements. During this stage of communication, the attorneys exhibit both verbal and non- verbal communication skills to begin persuading the Jury in their favor. The opening statement will include not only the facts of the case, but emphasis on particular words and catch phrases to capture the Jury attention and sympathy toward each attorneys case. While the verbal language describes emotion and rationale, non verbal language is subjective, exhibited both consciously and unconsciously, and expresses emotion. Physical appearances, tone, gestures, facial expressions, and distance are all non rebel sources of communication which can modify or contradict the verbal message. Natural kinesics conveys an emotion before weve expressed it in word. (Morgan, 2008) An attorney will pay close attention to each of the Jurors body movements and facial expressions to ensure his communication is understood and holding the attention of all Jurors. Another commonly used non verbal communication an attorney uses to keep the Jury attentive is Proteomics. (Withal, 2006) Proteomics refers to the distance or space between speakers. The planned distance enhances the attorneys ability to generate Jury participation in his clients cause. He must be able to sell his client to the Jury. (Withal,2006) The attorney may physically move the podium to visually block the Jury view of the prosecutor, while simultaneously manipulating the space to provide a better visual of the defendant. Moving the pool closer to ten Jury Dog wall also project ten attorneys assonance Ana tone while he communicates his opening statement. This non-verbal communication modifies the attorneys words while provoking sympathy towards the defendant. An opening statement commonly used to gain a Jury sympathy and persuade the jurys first impression of the case, is a story telling technique. An attorney may verbally tell a story using time, personal names, and descriptive adjectives. The following expert is an example of this technique of communication: Prosecutor: This is a case of being in wrong place at the wrong time. Maria Zen left her house at 7:00 a. M. To drive to the supermarket. She put on her seat belt and drove west on Third Avenue. As she passed Little Peoples Day Care on her right, she slowed down. She was watching the road in front and the circle of children in the schoolyard on her right, when she heard a sudden screeching of tires and was smashed into by the pendant coming rapidly out of a side street on her left. At the end of the prosecutors opening statement, he will forewarn the Jury of the tactics opposing counsel will employ to counter-persuade the facts presented. The prosecutor will advise the Jury defense counsel will likely use specific arguments to persuade them to arriving at the scenario of the defendant. By verbally communicating to the Jury what to expect from defendants counsel, the prosecutor forms a trust with the Jury. At this time, several Jurors formulate opinions as to the guilt of the defendant. Defendants attorney will have to work twice as hard on his opening statement to persuade the Jury the prosecutor has Just manipulated their minds. Witnesses The goal of both attorneys is to interview witnesses to secure information on behalf of their clients, persuade the witnesses to answer questions to the advantage of their case, and to establish credibility of the witness. (Grub Homey, 2003) For an effective interview process, both attorneys must prepare, maintain control, listen, be alert, be patient and most of all be a good actor. (p. 140) Preparation includes pre-trial interviews with attorneys witnesses and review of case. In the courtroom, the prosecutor will verbally question the witness regarding the facts of the case. His tone and volume of his voice should be audible to the Judge, the witness and the jury. The questions the prosecutor presents to the witness should be asked in a chronological order for the Jury to absorb. Long winded verbal statements will derail the Jury understanding of the facts. The Jury will focus on the witnesss appearance, body language and speech. A witness, such as a security guard, should present himself in a clean, crisp professional uniform as well as a clean shaven appearance. While answering questions his body should not slouch but instead be upright and attentive, hands on lap, with eyes focused on the attorney or Jury. Several Jurors will see the witness as a professional incapable of giving misleading information due to rank or social standing. The prosecutor must prove the defendants guilt through burden of evidence. In order to prove the guilt of the defendant, the prosecutor must present evidence beyond the reasonable doubt. Written communications such as affidavits, medical records and other legal documents are presented to the court to support verbal facts given by the attorney. Verbal testimony is given by witnesses to the prosecutor and witnesses to the defense attorney. The prosecutor must verbally interview his wellness to gather cements Tact to support Nils case. He must teen Walt Tort Nils opportunity to cross examine the defense witness in order to persuade the testimony to support his case and discredit the testimony. Effective use of tone, body language and clear and accurate statements will provide him with the effective tools to persuade. The defense attorney does not have to prove the innocence of the defendant. The defendant can choose not to testify. It is the responsibility of the offense attorney to persuade the Jury the testimony provided by the prosecutors witnesses and written documentation provided by the prosecutor is not sufficient evidence to prove defendants guilt beyond reasonable doubt. Defendants attorney will use persuasive language, eye contact with the Jury and will, again, use techniques to gain the sympathy of the Jury towards the defendant. Closing Statement The prosecutor will verbally communicate to the Jury the evidence presented to the court. He will remind the Jury of the credibility of his witnesses as well as point out written documentation to support his case. The burden of responsibility will be laid at the feet of Jury by the prosecutor. He will tell the Jury it is their civil and judicial responsibility to see through the smoke screen presented by the defense. The prosecutor will not have another opportunity to speak with the Jury or refute the defense attorneys closing statement and will verbally communicate this message to the Jury in hopes the Jury will close their minds to the defense attorneys closing statement. The defense attorney will verbally tear apart the evidence presented to the Jury by the prosecutor. He will try to discredit the testimony given by the prosecutors attorney as well as demonstrate the written documentation is not sufficient to prove the defendants guilt. Eye contact by the defense attorney is shared equally with the jury and the defendant to solidify the tactic of sympathy. Just as the prosecutor laid the burden of responsibility at the Jury feet, so does the defense attorney. Such phrases as let the little guy be the on top this time, show the prosecutor he hasnt pulled the wool over your eyes, do what you feel is right, and the prosecution Just hasnt done his Job of establishing proof beyond the reasonable doubt are all persuasive tactics used in verbal communication. Deliberations The Judge will verbally go over the rules and procedures the Jury should follow during deliberations. He will recite the charges in the case and remind the Jury there must be sufficient evidence to prove the defendants guilt beyond the reasonable doubt. The Judge will then appoint a Jury chairman who will be responsible for organizing the deliberations, acting as liaison between the court and the Jury, and reading the final verdict of the Jury. The leaders and the followers are quickly labeled inside the Jury deliberation room. The leaders will all begin by verbally communicating the facts presented. The followers will listen, agreeing with opinions of the leaders. In order to arrive at a verdict, the Jury reviews photographs, written documentation and verbal testimony. In most cases, as previously stated, there will be several Jurors who have made their decision of guilt or innocence based on either the opening statements or the closing statements. The crucial Job of picking through the evidence is left with a handful of jurors to decide a verdict. During alternations Jury memoirs oxen I D t Don vernal Ana non vernal Torts AT communication. Verbal communication is exhibited through the use of volume or one as well as persuasive statements towards either sides case. Non verbal communication is exhibited through body language. Some Jurors may Just sit in silence indicating the desire to be a follower and to decide with the majority of the jury. Other forms of non-verbal communication exhibited by the Jury are body movements such as standing while presenting opinions, and slamming of fist on a conference table to show dance towards their point of view. In the end, the Jury comes to a verdict and proceeds back into the courtroom. Verdict At the end of deliberations, the Jury takes a vote by show of hands or paper ballot. The Jury then notifies the court officer they have come too verdict. The court officer escorts the Jury back into the court room to relay the verdict. The Judge will verbally recite each charge one at a time. The Jury chairman will either say guilty or not guilty. The Judge will then render the final verdict by verbally communicating each charge with each of the verdicts to follow. After the verdict is read, counsel will again communicate with the Jury through non verbal body language such as rolling of eyes in displeasure of the verdict or a positive nod of the head in agreement of the redirect. Finally, the Judge verbally thanks the Jury for conducting their civil and judicial duty in his courtroom. Conclusion Several types of communication skills are exhibited in the courtroom during a court trial proceeding. Verbal communication is demonstrated through tone, volume, emphasis on words or phrases and through persuasive language skills. Non-verbal communication is exhibited through the use of kinesics and proteomics both enhancing the each attorneys verbal communication. Although testimony of witnesses and exhibits are all forms of communication, the most crucial ammunitions between the attorneys and the Jury are during over dire, the opening statements, and closing statements.

In the Spirit of Crazy Horse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

In the Spirit of Crazy Horse - Essay Example What drives Matthiessen to write this novel is that twenty two years thereafter, one of them Leonard Peltier is still serving two consecutive life sentences. This is because he believes that Peltier is innocent forming the core of the story thus a classic work of investigative reporting. Metthiessen brings forth the larger picture of the Pine Ridge shooting. He shows us the systematic discrimination by the white people in power, determination by corporate agencies to exploit the uranium deposits in the Black Hills, dishonoring of treaties, the F.B.I hostility towards the American Indian Movement and finally the rampant corruption and ineffective judicial system (Matthiessen, 6).This makes the readers to inadvertly rationalize and justify the murder because it is a representation of the repeated historical injustices done to the Native American people in the US. Discussion According to Metthiessen (231-278), he argues that justice is around the corner. This arises because many a times has been disappointed when he sees justice is to be administered only to be denied basing on a technicality in the legal appeals. Everyone had deposited their hope in the legal system only to be betrayed at the last minute. This is because the jury never made the effort to listen to the testimony of the witnesses only to sentence Peltier to life imprisonment without witnesses. The jury based the judgment on the evidence fabricated and manipulated by the FBI. This just shows how the corrupt and discriminatory the FBI is with the back up of a very an inefficient judicial system. This Spirit of a Crazy Horse is a spirit of being on total resistance to the wrongs directed towards the community, the people and ourselves. This provides the back drop of constant subversion of justice for Native Americans and it is perceived as a metaphor to depict the history of injustice against the entire race of people other than an isolated incident of the Peltier’s case. Most of the time the F BI have been an opposing force in bringing to the table the real issues that are affecting the Native Indian community and other people, but they continue to base their argument on the American Indian Movement in the 1970’s. When Peltier serves more than two consecutive life imprisonment times he is actually deprived his constitutional right. Therefore, if Petlier’s rights are to be respected he is entitled to be freed but this is not the case. The string of injustices directed towards the Natives through corruption of the fundamental legal practices and fairness and many other cited ways tries to keep the Native Americans from ever making steps forward with low levels of education, corruption of legal frame work, inadequate food supplies and racist leaders. This is evidenced through Peltire’s case and many others not mentioned. The American justice system and other related government agencies are unjust in the way they undertook issues particularly those affect ing the Natives. Matthiessen easily moves the audience to rationalize and justify murder. He utilizes historical events and figures such as the creation of Mount Rushmore to poke holes in our sight of the superiority of the American legal system when he likens the President’s victorious dedication of the monument with utterances of Standing Bear who says, â€Å"

Cyber crime and security affair in e-business Article

Cyber crime and security affair in e-business - Article Example This essay discusses that technology is essential part of business today. The internet has become a backbone and nervous system of business nowadays. Internet is already affecting our lives at home and offices to a great extent. While this dimension improves our lives it also creates enormous risks. Many individuals and businesses are still not aware of the risks posed by internet and the cyber space. The efficiency, complexity and speed of businesses today are attributed to technology and particularly E commerce. This enormous growth in E commerce provides a chance for internal and external fraud and exploitation. E commerce has become a driving force for world economy however it also poses a dangerous scenario once it is attacked or hacked. E commerce is vulnerable to cybercrime within seconds. Cyber criminals take advantage of loopholes in software and hardware architecture and make big organizations collapse in days. In a Globally networked environment, cybercrime can be initiate d from any location across the globe. With the growth in size and speed of organizations, a need arose to make the systems automated and less dependent on humans. According to McQuade Robert T Morris carried out first major cybercrime attack on November 2 1988 which resulted in slow down of thousands of computers. He noted that on June 20 2007, Department of defense was attacked by coordinated hackers, as a result it had to shut down 1500 computers. Assessment of human behavior in an automated world is becoming difficult. Organizations are dependent on outsourcing and do not completely control people who work for them. Organizations are very cautious about cyber attacks however appear helpless in front of expertise displayed by hackers. There is a greater risk to organizations from their own employees and business rivals in addition to hackers. Businesses are continuously improving their systems however there is still a lesser consideration towards privacy, access control and sharin g of data. According to Wada and Odulaga (2011) phishing has been a cause of direct loss amounting $1.2 billion in USA for banks and card industry in 2003 (Wada & Odulaga 2011, P 71). There is a need to create awareness amongst businesses, the lack of which is evident from growing number cyber attacks in year 2011. Today cyber risks are increasingly surrounding E commerce. It is evident that organizations are

Categories of client-server architecture and problems faced by hures

Categories of client-server architecture and problems faced by hures Question One: Do you think the problems faced by Hures, both past and present, are unique? Why or why not? I consider the problem faced by Hures, both past and the present are not unique. I understand the fact that, client server computing had an huge impact on the organization but as with all new technologies, there are many confronts and questions with hard to find answers. To solve this issue, Hures can use the client/server architecture, which is divided into following categories: 1. Client server architecture 2. One-Tier architecture 3. Two-Tier architecture 4. Three-Tier architecture 5. N-Tire architecture Client server architecture: Client-server explains the relationship between two computer programs in one, the client program, makes a service request to another, the server program, explains communication between any end nodes and a shared resource. Servers differ in size and functionality and can be anything from a PC based server, to a midrange computer, to a main frame. Client server architecture is totally flexible to Hures multiple client program. Client server architecture in which the presentation, the application processing, and the data management are logically a separate process, which makes it very flexible and expandable approach to building system software. Unlike typical client/server applications, this architecture services multiple clients, supports client disconnection and provides a flexible framework for adding application. Hures is a leading human resources service provider using TCP/IP. Hures should also consider using a communication protocol such as the shared variable which gives a higher level application programming interface (API) and abstracting the lower level details, such as handling multiple clients. One -Tier Architecture: One tier application is a simple program which no needs to access the network when it is running. This one tier application includes most of the simple desktop applications like word processors or compilers. One tier architecture application runs on a single computer. Web browser is part of a two-tier application (a Web server being the other part). But what happens if that Web browser downloads a Java applet and runs it? If the applet doesnt access the network while running, is it a one-tier or two-tier application? For present purposes, we will say that the self-contained applet is a one-tier application, since it is contained entirely on the client computer. One-tier architecture has a huge advantage, simplicity being one of them. No One-tier applications handle any network protocols, so their code is simple. The users requests dont need to cross the network, wait for their turn at the server. This has the added effect of not weighing down your network with extra traffic, and not weighing down your server with extra work. Two-Tier architecture: Two-tier architecture actually has got three parts which are client, server, and protocol. The protocol links the gap between the client and server tiers. The two-tier design is very effective for network programming as well as for GUI programs, in which you can allocate functionality to the host. GUI code lives on the client host, and the so-called business logic lives on the server host. Two-tier application is a client-server program with a GUI front-end written in a high-level language like Java, C++, or Visual Basic. In the two-tier program, you can see the clear separation between front and back tier. Hures input is given by the HTTP get request, via an HTML form which the user fills out. Its output is one or more HTML files. All the calculation happens on the server. In some cases, you can write a two-tier application without writing a server or designing a protocol. For example, you can write a Web browser that talks to a Web server using the HTTP protocol. However, if you have to write your own server, or design and execute your own protocol, you can spend more time writing your program than you would if you were writing a one-tier application. Three-Tier architecture: A three-tier will need to store data on a server. The information is stored on the file system. However data honesty issues arise when multiple clients ask the server to do tasks. Since file systems have concurrency controls at best common solution is to add a third program or database. Databases specialize in storing, retrieving, and indexing data. Just as two-tier architecture separates GUI and business logic, three-tier architecture lets you to separate business logic and data access. You can also offer highly optimized data indices and retrieval methods, and provide for replication, backup, redundancy, and load-balancing procedures specific to your datas needs. Separating code into client and server code increases the scalability of your application so does placing data on a dedicated process, host, or series of hosts. SQL RDBMS, like those from Oracle and Sybase, other database types. You may have heard the names of some of these other types OODBs, ORDBs. The three tier architecture has the following three tiers: Presentation Tier: This is by far the top upmost level of the application. This tier displays information related to such services as browsing merchandise and shopping cart. Application Tier: Is the logic tier pulled out from the presentation tier. This controls application by performing detailed processing. Data Tier: consist of database server. Here the information is stored and retrieved. N-Tire architecture: N-tier architectures are the best thing to happen to computer since the vacuum tube. Proponents of CORBA, EJB, and DCOM believe that every new application should be written, and every existing application should be retrofitted, to support their favorite spec. In the universe of distributed objects thus imagined, writing a new application is as simple as choosing objects and sending messages to them in high-level code. The distributed object protocol handles the wicked, low-level details of parameter marshaling, networking, locating the remote objects, transaction management, and so forth. A good example of N tier application is a stock trading system. In this system, we have multiple data feeds arrive from different sources, multiple databases are accessed and multiple clients run specialized applications. It makes sense to merge together the disparate patches in this quilt with the thread of common distributed object architecture, like CORBA or EJB CORBA is a mechanism in software for normalizing the method-call semantics between application objects that live in either in the same address space (application) or remote address space (same host, or remote host on a network). CORBA uses an interface definition language (IDL) to specify the interfaces that objects will present to the outside world. In addition to giving users with a language and a platform-neutral remote procedure call specification, CORBA defines commonly needed services such as transactions and security, events, time, and other domain-specific interface mod A CORBA implementation comes with a tool called an IDL compiler which converts the users IDL code into some language-specific generated code. A traditional compiler then compiles the generated code to create the linkable-object files for the application. Key: ORB vendor supplied code ORB vendor tool generated code User defined application code Advantages: 1. Client- server architecture enables the roles and responsibilities of a computing system to be distributed among several independent computers. Which are known to each other only through network Advantages of this would be greater ease of maintenance I.e. it is possible to replace, repair, upgrade or even relocate 2. All the data are stored on the server, has a far greater security and protection. Severs can better control access and resources, to guarantee that only those clients with the appropriate permission may access and change data. 3. Data storage is centralised, which makes it very easier to update. Disadvantages: 1. Traffic congestion on the network will be an issue. As the number of simultaneous client request to a given server increases, the server can become over loaded. Where with P2P network, its bandwidth actually increases as more nodes are added. 2. The client-server paradigm lacks the robustness of a good P2P network. Under client-server, should a critical server fail, clients requests cannot be fulfilled. In P2P networks, resources are usually distributed among many nodes. Even if one or more nodes depart and abandon a downloading file, for example, the remaining nodes should still have the data needed to complete the download. Question Two: Suggest alternative architectures that could be used to overcome the problems faced by Hures current Client/Server technology The alternative architecture that could be used to overcome this issue, would be the common object request broker architecture (CORBA). This is the most successful representative of an object-based distributed computing architecture. CORBAs service context gives an efficient and stylish design and implementation approach for building distributed systems. Java RMI (Remote Method Invocation) cant easily support transparent service-context propagation without incrementing the underlying protocol. This article describes a generic lightweight solution for supporting transparent and protocol-independent service-context propagation over RMI. Reflection-based techniques are used to emulate whats normally seen in protocol-specific service-context implementations. This article introduces you to a real-world solution and the related distributed-computing design concept, as well as Java reflection techniques. We start with an overview of the CORBA object request broker (ORB) interceptor and the service-context design architecture. Then a concrete implementation example describes the actual solution and demonstrates how RMI invocation is actually massaged to propagate service-context data, such as transaction context, which is usually offered through the IIOP (Internet Inter-ORB Protocol) layer. Lastly, performance considerations are discussed. Interceptor and service context in CORBA In the CORBA architecture, the invocation interceptor plays an important role in the function provided by the ORB runtime. Generally speaking, four interception points are available through the ORB runtime. As shown in Figure 1, these interception points are for: 1. Out bound request message from the client process 2. In bound request messages to the server process 3. Out bound response messages from the server process 4. In bound response messages to the client process Question Three: One of the suggestions proposed by Hures IS department is the use of intranet web technology. Examine the pros and cons of such an idea. An intranet is a personal computer network that uses internet technologies to securely share any part of an organisations information or operational system with its employees. Intranet shares most of the characteristics of the Internet, but in at least one way, its fundamentally different. And just as the Internet has had profound effect on how we communicate, intranets have transformed the business world as well. HURES has small businesses have implemented this network infrastructure, improving productivity while reducing costs. As I mentioned earlier, the intranet has very similar characteristics to internet, this also backed by the fact that, intranet is built from the same concepts and technologies used for the internet, such as client-server computing and the internet protocol (TCP/IP). All the well known internet protocol such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail) and FTP (file transfer) are also found in intranet. Intranet is designed to use within small business, university or organisation. What makes them different from the internet is that, internet are freely accessible, where as intranet is a private network by using off-the-shelf Internet technology, intranets solve this problem, making internal communication and collaboration. Traditionally, corporations relied on proprietary hardware and software systems to network its computers, a costly and time-consuming process made more difficult when offices are scattered around the world. Even hardware platforms, file formats and software are not an easy task. Much easier Intranets use HTML to create documents and TCP/IP to transmit information across the network. Information is stored on one or more company servers and accessed by using a web browser, this self-contained, miniature Internet can have all the same featuresindividual home pages, newsgroups, e-mailbut access is restricted to employees and contractors. For Hures employees they already familiar with surfing the Web, learning how to navigate the company intranet requires little training. Intranet web pages have the same point-and-click interface. While its useful for an intranet to connect to the Internet, its certainly not essential. Even if they do connect externally, companies restrict access to their intranet from the Internet by building a firewall. With so much corporate information available on internal servers, security is essential. At the beginning life was simple. Computers were separate individual devices. Programs had access to all the computers input and output through computer-connected devices. The life became complicated with invention of networks. We now have to write programs that depend on other programs running on far away computers. A brief definition: A distributed application is a system comprised of programs running on multiple host computers. The architecture of this distributed application is a sketch of the different programs, describing which programs are running on which hosts, what their responsibilities are, and what protocols determine the ways in which different parts of the system talk to one another. Three-tier application adds a third program to the mix, usually a database, in which the server stores its data. The three-tier application is an incremental improvement to the two-tier architecture. The flow of information is still essentially linear: a request comes from the client to the server; the server requests or stores data in the database; the database returns information to the server; the server returns information back to the client. N-tier architecture, on the other hand, allows an unlimited number of programs to run simultaneously, send information to one another, use different protocols to communicate, and interact concurrently. This allows for a much more powerful application, providing many different services to many different clients. However, the leap from three-tier to n-tier or the leap from one- to two-tier, or from two- to three-tier, for that matter must not be taken lightly. Its easy to open a can of worms, but you always need a bigger can to put them back in. The proponents of these technologies are infatuated with their advantages, and often fail to mention the disadvantages of jumping to a more complicated architecture. In this article, I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each style of architecture, and give you some information that will help you choose the right architecture for your application. Consider these reasons before choosing a product because its fact sheet promises to make your life easier. Here is the table summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of using Intranets: Advantages Disadvantages Fast, easy, low cost to implement Management fears loss of control Connectivity with other system Hidden costs Many Tools available Potential for chaos Access to internal and external information Unauthorized access Improves communication Information overload lowers productivity Can capture and share knowledge Increase collaboration and coordination Supports links with customers and partners Question Four: Do you think the popularity of intranets and the Internet pose threats to traditional Client/Server systems? Intranet and your public website on the open Internet are two dissimilar information spaces and should have two different user interface designs. It is alluring to try to save design resources by reusing a single design, but it is a bad idea to do so because the two types of site vary along several dimensions. Intranet users are your own employees who know a lot about the company, its organizational structure, and special terminology and circumstances. Your Internet site is used by customers who will know much less about your company and also care less about it. The intranet is used for everyday work inside the company, including some quite complex applications; the Internet site is mainly used to find out information about your products. The amount of information varies. An intranet has between ten and a hundred times as many pages as the same companys public website. The difference is due to the general amount of work-in-progress that is documented on the intranet and the fact that many projects and departments never publish anything publicly even though they have many internal documents. Bandwidth and cross-platform needs vary. Intranets often run between a hundred and a thousand times faster than most Internet users Web access which is stuck at low-band or mid-band, so it is possible to use rich graphics and even multimedia and other advanced content on intranet pages. Also, it is sometimes possible to control what computers and software versions are supported on an intranet. Intranet and your website are two different information spaces. They should look different in order to let employees know when they are on the internal net and when they have ventured out to the public site. Different looks will highlight the sense of place and thus make easy navigation. Also, making the two information spaces feel different will make easy an understanding of when an employee is seeing information that can be freely shared with the outside and when the information is internal and confidential. An intranet design should be much more task-oriented and less promotional than an Internet design. A company should only have a single intranet design, so users only have to learn it once. Therefore it is acceptable to use a much larger number of options and features on an intranet since users will not feel scared and overwhelmed as they would on the open Internet where people move rapidly between sites. An intranet will need a much stronger navigational system than an Internet site because it has to encompass a larger amount of information. In particular, the intranet will need a navigation system to facilitate movement between servers, whereas a public website only needs to support within-site navigation. The extranet is a blend of the public Internet and the closed intranet and needs to be designed as such. Fundamentally, an extranet is a part of the Internet since it is accessed by people in many different companies who will be using your public website but will not have access to the truly internal parts of your intranet. Therefore, the visual style and main navigation options of the extranet should be visibly similar to the design of your Internet site your business partners should feel that the two sites come from the same company. A subtle difference in the two styles (e.g., complimentary colour tones) will help emphasize the closed and confidential nature of the extranet. REFERENCES: 1. Gallaugher, J. Ramanathan, S. Choosing a Client/Server Architecture. A Comparison of Two-Tier and Three-Tier Systems. Information Systems Management Magazine 13, 2 (Spring 1996): 7-13. Author: Berson, Alex Title: Client-server architecture / Alex Berson. Published: New York : McGraw-Hill, c1992. Series: J. Ranade series on computer communications 2. Client Server survival guide 3rd edition, by: Robort orfali, dan harkey,jeri Edwards, 1999 john wiley sons Canada 3. Adler, R. M. Distributed Coordination Models for Client/Sever Computing. Computer 28, 4 (April 1995): 14-22. 4. http://www.greatconnect.com/interapps.htm 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA#Overview 6. http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-01-2000/jw-01-ssj-tiers.html?page=1